Elizabethan Life/Elizabethan Dance

Christian Gabriel Mrs. Molnar English 1 Pre-IB 23 May 2011 Elizabethan Life/Elizabethan Dance was a fundamental piece of the way of life in the Elizabethan Era. Not exclusively did the respectable class appreciate it, yet in addition the lower class. Move was utilized in festivities and parties, and frequently, only for relaxation. Renowned moving bosses showed these moves. These moves included one of a kind structures and unique styles (Hall 81). As a matter of first importance, moving bosses were extraordinary administrations for the English Elizabethan Court.In the Elizabethan time, it was required for English Elizabethan Court individuals to have involvement with moving, particularly in light of the fact that Queen Elizabethan empowered it among every last bit of her subjects (Alchin/Elizabethan Dance). The most well known moving bosses were Thoinot Arbeau, Fabritio Caroso, and Cesare Negri (Alchin/Elizabethan Dance). Thoinot Arbeau was conceived on March 17, 1520. He was known a s a theoretican and student of history of move. He delivered a moving manual called the Orchesographie. This moving manual contained deliberately point by point, bit by bit depictions of sixteenth move forms.His administrations were extremely useful to the Elizabethan Court (Hall 81). Fabritio Caroso da Sermoneta was an Italian Renaissance moving expert. His move manual, Il Ballarino, was distributed in 1581. Another was Nobilta di Dame, which was imprinted in 1600. A large number of the moves of Fabritio Caroso's manuals are intended for two artists with a couple for at least four artists. These manuals offer a lot of data to move students of history. Huge numbers of the moves additionally contain commitments to respectable ladies who were individuals from the Elizabethan Court (Hall 81). Cesare Negri was an Italian artist and choreographer.Born in Milan, he established a move foundation there in 1554. He composed the move manual Le Grazie d'Amore, the main content on artful dance hypothesis to elucidate the rule of the â€Å"five fundamental positions†. Negri was a functioning Elizabethan Court choreographer for the respectability in Italy (Hall 81). Arbeau, Caroso, and Negri all showed numerous types of move. There were numerous straightforward moves performed during the Elizabethan Era. Moves for the high society incorporated the Tintertell, the Saltarello, and the Ballet. Lower class moves incorporated the Jig, the Brawle, and Morris Dancing (Alichin/Elizabethan Dance). It was incomprehensible for a large number of the high society moves to be performed by the lower class and bad habit versa† (Alchin/Elizabethan Dance). Thus, moves were just for one’s explicit class (Alchin/Elizabethan Dance). High society moves required the utilization of enormous instruments, for example, console instruments. A famous move of the high society was the Tintertell. It was a complex hit the dance floor with mind boggling steps and subtleties. The Tintert ell was performed with couple and at Masques or other Elizabethan gatherings at that point (â€Å"Medieval And Renaissance Dances†). Other privileged moves were the Saltarello and the Ballet.The Saltarello is a move demonstrated after a portion of the more typical moves. It requires dynamic advances joined with bouncing (Miller/Renaissance Dance Steps). The Ballet is a formal and dignified move structure built up at the French Court in the sixteenth century moved via prepared experts. It is fundamentally the same as the Ballet performed today, with the exception of a lot less complex (Alchin/Elizabethan Dance). Beside privileged moves, lower class moves would have been performed at fairs and celebrations, other than Masques and gatherings. A few moves of the lower class were the Brawle, the Jig, and Morris Dancing.To start, the Brawle was a â€Å"immensely well known move performed during celebrations† (Alchin/Elizabethan Dance). In this move, individuals are around an d move sideways (Evans/SCA Renaissance Dance). The Jig is a lower class move, which was related with the traditions and celebrations celebrated in Elizabethan England. The move comprises of thrashing legs, bouncing feet, and twisting legs (Evans/SCA Renaissance Dance). Ultimately, Morris Dancing was a custom society move acted in provincial England by gatherings of exceptionally picked and prepared men. It depends on cadenced venturing and the execution of horeographed figures by a gathering of artists. The artists used sticks, blades, tissues, and ringers to apply innovativeness (Hall 81). In spite of the fact that there were numerous kinds of moves, moving in the Elizabethan Era had certain manners. Moving was a formal and exceptional issue. It had numerous developments and styles (Miller/Renaissance Dance Steps). These styles included Singles and Doubles, Saltarello, Reverence, and Signals. These types of behavior were the rules of moving in that time (Singman 137). One moving de corum arrangement was the Singles and Doubles (Miller/Renaissance Dance Steps). These are basically just strides forward or in reverse. They normally began with the left foot† (Miller/Renaissance Dance Steps). Regularly, the artists will say, â€Å"Double forward, single back! †, which makes the entire parade push ahead progressively over the move floor (â€Å"Medieval and Renaissance Dances†). Another arrangement was the Saltarello. It required dynamic advances. The Saltarello was a structure utilized in expanded development move like the Jig. For instance, the move required three quick advances and a bounce toward the end (Hall 81). Different moves required a progressively conduct factor.These practices included Reverence and Signals. Love, otherwise called reverena, was only a type of regard for the artists. For instance, the men would bow, while the ladies twist their knees in a type of a curtsey (Singman 137). Certain artists utilized signs to draw in differ ent artists. Ladies certainly utilized this strategy (Hall 81). Ladies utilized their fans to flag their accomplice. Thus, the fans were extremely emblematic. For instance, â€Å"a fan completely open with the left hand implied, ‘Come and converse with me’† or â€Å"a shut fan in the correct hand implied, ‘Follow me’† (Hall 81).The signs were keys to organization and science in moving (Hall 81). To finish up, moving was noteworthy in the way of life of Elizabethans (â€Å"Medieval and Renaissance Dance†). It was mainstream because of the way that the two classes could be included. It was one of a kind in the numerous sorts and arrangements of move. From high society moves like the Tintertell, to bring down class moves, for example, the Brawle (Alchin/Elizabethan Dance). What they every single shared wa the requirement for a specific innovation, motivation, and uniqueness.

Homeless Americans Essay -- essays research papers fc

In our present time of monetary thriving in the United States, numerous individuals are appreciating more noteworthy riches, higher income, and productive speculations. Joblessness rates are accounted for to be low, and wages high. However there is as yet a remarkable measure of vagrants living in the United States. In an article entitled â€Å"The Criminalization of Homelessness† Celine-Marie Pascale attempts to pass on how the destitute are being dealt with unjustifiably by society. Criminalization may be excessively solid a word to apply to the discipline of vagrants, yet Pascale is attempting to say something about the destitute circumstance in the United States today. I might want to investigate this article and analyze the focuses she is attempting to make. Pascale starts her article by expressing that numerous U.S. urban communities are sanctioning laws which would rebuff destitute people for doing things numerous ‘ordinary’ individuals do constantly. For example, standing around or resting out in the open (320). She expresses that the California Homeless and Housing Coalition appraises that there are around a million vagrants in California alone. Eight self administered urban communities in southern California and at any rate one city in northern California passed hostile to dozing laws, says Pascale (320). Another law in the city of San Francisco states that it is â€Å"illegal to wait for over 60 seconds inside 30 feet of a programmed teller in use† (321). The city of San Francisco invested a great deal of energy and cash to capture 15 individuals for asking in 1993 and Pascale claims that there are a few other significant urban communities in the U.S. with comparable laws (321). As indicated by Pascale, Berkeley utilizes intruding laws and sauntering laws to keep individuals off the walkways and away from places like parks and laundromats. Also, in Santa Cruz you can be captured for sitting on a walkway, dozing outside, or in any event, dozing in a vehicle (321). Pascale declares that the purpose behind these laws is to ensure the organizations situated around these zones. She likewise says that â€Å"no one needs to run a guantlet of beggars to get to a boutique or venture over individuals resting on the walkway to purchase a cappuccino† (321). Furthermore, consequently, most entrepreneurs think it ponders gravely them if there are vagrants dillydallying or staying in bed front of their store (321). Pascale calls attention to that, by and large, the vast majority accept that it is the individual’s deficiency tha... ... individuals who can’t appear to deal with life’s moves go to wrongdoing to make sure they can go to jail since jail is a simple way out for them. You get free lodging and free nourishment for whatever length of time that you are there. Despite the fact that this isn't the situation as a rule, there are some who might discover this game plan engaging. In â€Å"The Criminalization of Homelessness,† Pascale makes a reasonable showing of giving her crowd that vagrants are not being dealt with well indeed. She advises us regarding the issue by giving refered to insights and explicit models, however she could have included more subtleties to come to her meaningful conclusion more grounded. Webster’s word reference characterizes a criminal as somebody who is seen as liable of a genuine offense by disregarding the law. Vagrancy is a long way from a genuine offense, and it is a long way from being treated as a genuine offense. In any case, she is correct that we have to change the manner in which we handle the destitute. As I would like to think, Pascale’s article was a greater amount of an educational paper on the laws of certain urban communities than a genuine article about the issue in this country concerning vagrancy. Works Cited Begrens, Laurence; Rosen, Leonard J. Composing and Reading Across the Curriculum. seventh ed. New York, Longman, 2000. 320-322.

201 Online Research Databases and Search Engines

201 Online Research Databases and Search Engines Whether you are conducting extensive research for an academic program or simply interested in learning more about the world around you, online databases and search engines are a great way to study from the comfort of your home or dorm. Thats why weve compiled a list of 202 websites and databases to help you do just that. While some require subscription or a library membership, many are open access, allowing you to find the data and information you need absolutely free of charge.Business and EconomicsHumanities, Social Sciences, Anthropology, Religion and PhilosophyMathematics and Computer ScienceMultidisciplinaryEngineering and AgricultureScience and MedicineMilitary StudiesEducation, Linguistics and LawPhoto by rawpixel on UnsplashBusiness and EconomicsBPubsâ€"BPubs is a search engine to access business and trade publications.EconBizâ€"EconBiz focuses on economic and business studies, offering searches of all free access journals and open access material. Provided by the ZBW - Germa n National Library of Economics, a part of the Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, the database opened in 2002 as the Virtual Library for Economics and Business Studies.EconLitâ€"This is a collection of 120+ years of economic research spearheaded by the American Economic Association. Focusing on literature in the field of economics, EconLit contains academic sources dating back to 1969.EconStorâ€"EconStor is a non-commercial public server by the ZBM with a large collection of economic literature, including 167,526 full texts. In contains open access full-text versions of working papers, journal articles and conference proceedings, all of which authors and editors can submit free of charge.EDGAR Searchâ€"EDGAR Search is a searchable database offered by The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Its purpose is to provide information and access to more than 21 million findings relating to SEC filings published, including operations and financial information searchable by compan y name.IDEASâ€"IDEAS claims to be the largest bibliographic database dedicated to Economics that is available for free on the Internet. It is a volunteer effort to increase free dissemination of research in Economics and uses RePEc data. Authors who submit their work receive a monthly tally of its popularity, including its ranking on the database.Inomicsâ€"Inomics is a search tool for jobs and academic programs in disciplines such as Economics, Business, Finance, Management and Marketing. You can also search by subject and curate a newsfeed of articles related to these disciplines.National Bureau of Economic Researchâ€"The National Bureau of Economic Research offers this searchable database of working papers, books, chapters from books in progress, and other free publications related to research in Economics. Topics include themes such as: Africa, Charter Schools, Childhood Interventions, Chinas Economy, Commodity, Prices, Developments in the European Economy, Energy, Entrepreneursh ip, Immigration and Innovation, Inequality, International Capital Flows, Productivity and Growth, and Taxation.Research Papers in Economicsâ€"Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) is a collaborative, volunteer project boasting archives containing 2.6 million research pieces from 3,000 journals and 4,600 working papers. Its purpose is to increase the dissemination of economic research.Photo by Billeasy on UnsplashHumanities, Social Sciences, Anthropology, Religion and PhilosophyAgeLineâ€"The AgeLine database is a subscription-based online resource for gerontology research, and research relating to topics of aging. It is ideal for health organizations, government entities, and nursing service providers.AllMusicâ€"AllMusic is an online database cataloging more than 3 million albums and 30 million tracks. It also offers extensive information relating to bands and/or individual artists.Anthropological Index Onlineâ€"The Anthropological Index Online (AIO) is a service of the Royal Anthropo logical Institute (RAI) and supported by the Anthropology Library and Research Centre at the British Museum. It boasts approximately 4,000 periodical titles with content from various branches of anthropology, along with 800 journals, published in more than 40 languages.Anthropological Literatureâ€"This subscription-based database offers indexing for anthropology and archaeology, including social and cultural anthropology, Old and New World archaeology, and physical anthropology.Artcyclopediaâ€"Artcylopedia is a database listing information about 9,000 artists and 2,900 art sites, and provides 160,000 links relative to the art world. It is searchable by artist, artwork, or museum location.Arts Humanities Citation Indexâ€"The Arts Humanities Citation Index offers abstracts and indexing of 1,700+ journals published in the arts and humanities. With multiple subject categories, such as cultural studies, literature, and theater, the database is searchable by category or specific journal title.ATLA Religion Databaseâ€"The ATLA Religion Database (ATLA RDB) is a subscription-based index, with journal articles, book reviews, and essays related to religion or religious studies. Published by the American Theological Library, the database contains 2.1 million article citations from over 1,940+ journals, along with over half a million book reviews.Chinese Social Sciences Citation Indexâ€"Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index is based in China and developed by Nanjing University. It contains about 500 Chinese academic journals in the humanities and social sciences, and is used as basis for the evaluation of academic promotion among several universities.Encyclopedia of Psychologyâ€"The Encyclopedia of Psychology is provided by Psych Central and offers links to various psychology topics and resources. It provides information on psychological conditions, tests, blogs and podcasts, clinical trials, academic resources, and forums and support groups.Inspireâ€"INSPIREs main goal is to provide a repository for spatial information throughout Europe. This EU initiative seeks help to make spatial or geographical information accessible for those working in various stages of land development.International Aging Research Portfolioâ€"International Aging Research Portfolio (IARP) contains an open-access directory for grants, publications, and academic conferences in social and behavioral sciences. 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The print version has been in publication since 1928.Library of Anglo-American Culture Historyâ€"The Library of Anglo-American Culture History, funded by the German Research Foundation, offers access to journals, newspapers, and databases in English Studies, American Studies, Canadian Studies, and Australian and New Zealand studies.Literary Encyclopediaâ€"The Literary Encyclopedia is a subscription-based database that publishes biographies of major and minor writers, as well as critical essays on literature, culture, and history.National Criminal Justice Reference Serviceâ€"The National Criminal Justice Reference Service offers this database through funding by the U.S. government. It is focused on content related to criminal justice and is a resource for law enforcement, policymakers, practitioners, and researchers. With its expansive collection of reports, books, research, and unpublished research, it is also valuable to educator s, community leaders, and the general public.OpenEdition.orgâ€"OpenEdition offers a searchable database of books and journals in the humanities and social sciences. Many are free access, along with services provided by libraries and subscribing institutions.Open Library of Humanitiesâ€"Open Library of Humanities is a registered charity in England and Wales and contains a searchable database of open access journals in the humanities.PhilPapersâ€"PhilPapers is a searchable database and bibliography of philosophy that is maintained by the community of philosophers. It includes various content in philosophy, including journals, books, open access archives, and personal pages, with 2,429,107 entries categorized in 5,408 categories.Philosophy Research Indexâ€"The Philosophy Research Index offers bibliographic information on articles, books, reviews, dissertations, and other documents related to the field of philosophy. It includes over 1.34 million bibliographic records in 30 languages.PO PLINEâ€"POPLINE provides free access to 380,000 publications and resources related to family planning and reproductive health, including many full-text copies.Project MUSEâ€"Project MUSE provides complete, full-text versions of scholarly journals. It contains over 674 journals from 125 publishers and offers over 50,000 books from more than 100 presses.Psychologys Feminist Voicesâ€"Psychologys Feminist Voices (PFV) is a digital archive of past and contemporary feminist psychologists who have contributed to psychological research. It contains biographical profiles, oral history interview transcripts, video content, timelines, bibliographies, teaching resources, and an original 40-minute documentary on the current status of feminist psychology in the United States.PsycINFOâ€"PsycINFO, supported by the American Psychological Association, offers a searchable database containing abstracts and citations of literature that has been published in the field of psychology.PubPsychâ€"PubPsych is a searchable, open access database containing psychology-related resources. Users can search in English, Spanish, French and German.Questiaâ€"Questia is an online research and paper writing resource with more than 94,000 online books. 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It contains over 37,000 articles, including features, reviews, and 600 audio interviews with musicians.Social Science Citation Indexâ€"Provided by Clarivate Analytics, the Social Science Citation Index contains approximately 3,000 leading academic journals across more than 50 disciplines.Social Science Research Networkâ€"The Social Science Research Network (SSRN) offers 837,220 research papers from 416,090 researchers across 30 disciplines.SocioSiteâ€"S ocioSite is maintained by the University of Amsterdam and contains research related to sociological subjects, including activism, culture, peace, and racism.SocioWebâ€"SocioWeb is a searchable database containing including websites, online directories, articles, surveys and statistics, and journals related to the study of sociology. It also contains links to sociological associations.State Legislative Websites Directoryâ€"The National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) contains information gathered from the home pages and websites of the 50 state legislatures, the District of Columbia and the territories. Researchers can view bills, press rooms, and statutes from each state.The Womens Libraryâ€"The Womens Library is part of the London School of Economics and Political Science. It offers an online database of journals, articles, and cross-domain printed material, archives and 3D objects relating to womens history.University of Oxford Text Archiveâ€"The Oxford Text Archive offers a searchable database of literary and linguistic resources for use in research and teaching. It is part of the CLARIN European Research Infrastructure and is part of the University of Oxfords contribution to the CLARIN-UK Consortium.U.S. Metropolitan Travel Survey Archiveâ€"U.S. Metropolitan Travel Survey Archive is funded by The United States Department of Transportation and provides free access to travel surveys conducted by cities, states and localities.VET-Bibâ€"VET-Bib is a database offering bibliographic information for European vocational education and training (VET) literature and is maintained by the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop).WikiArcâ€"WikiArc is a search tool for professionals, students and researchers interested in the fields of archaeology, classical antiquity, paleoanthropology, forensic anthropology, cultural heritage studies, and Quaternary sciences.Photo by Roman Mager on UnsplashMathematics and Computer Science2arXiv e-pri nt Archiveâ€"Offered by Cornell University Library, arXiv.org is an open access database, allowing users to search for 1,480,478 e-prints in Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative Biology, Quantitative Finance, Statistics, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science, and Economics.Association for Computing Machinery Digital Libraryâ€"The ACM Digital Library offers a searchable database of full-text Collection ACM publications, including journals, conference proceedings, technical magazines, newsletters and books.Citebase Searchâ€"Citebase is the product of a collaboration between Opcit Project and the Open Archives Initiative. 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It also provides resource s such as algorithms, data, metadata, services, techniques, and software.Collection of Computer Science Bibliographiesâ€"This searchable database offers bibliographies of computer science literature and contains more than 7 million references to journal articles, conference papers and technical reports in the field of computer science.Computer Science Technical Reportsâ€"As a service offered by the computer science department of Virginia Tech, Computer Science Technical Reports is collection of computer science technical reports from CS departments and industrial and government research laboratories around the world.dblp computer science bibliographyâ€"This searchable database offers open access bibliographic information academic journals within the computer science field. It is run by the University of Trier and Schloss Dagstuhl.HCI Bibliographyâ€"The HCI Bibliography offers access to bibliographies, weblogs, columns, news, and developer resources related to human-computer interact ion.IEEE Xploreâ€"Along with material published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the IEEE Xplore database provides access to more than 4.5-million documents related to the fields of computer science, electrical engineering, electronics. Full-text documents require a subscription.Inspecâ€"Inspec is run by the Institution of Engineering and Technology and provides access to 17 million abstracts in the fields of physics and engineering.MathGuideâ€"The MathGuide offers links to all core areas of mathematics, with the goal to index and catalog quality math resources and scholarly links.The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographiesâ€"The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies offers more than 7 million bibliographies (mostly to journal articles, conference papers and technical reports) of scientific literature in computer science from various sources, covering most aspects of computer science.zbMATHâ€"zbMath is a searchable database for finding d ocuments, authors, and journals related to mathematics. While some are open access, others require payment.Photo by Angela Compagno on UnsplashMultidisciplinaryAcademic Indexâ€"The Academic Index is a meta-search tool that indexes research-quality reference and information sources selected by professional librarians, educators, and educational and library consortia. It currently provides access to over 300,000 web pages.Academic Searchâ€"Provided by EBSCO Publishing, the Academic Search database is a subscription-based research database providing access to peer-reviewed, full-text journals.African Journals OnLineâ€"African Journals OnLine (AJOL) offers access to peer-reviewed, African-published scholarly journals. Users can browse peer-reviewed journals from Africa, download full-text articles from journal homepages, and search for an article by title, author/s or keywords.Airiti Incâ€"The Airiti Library provides a search platform in Chinese that features full-text academic journal articles, doctoral dissertations, and conference paper compilations.Archives Hubâ€"Archives Hub offers access to archives in over 300 institutions around Scotland, England, and Wales, providing links to digital content when available.BASE: Bielefeld Academic Search Engineâ€"Created and run by the Bielefeld University Library, BASE harvests metadata from institutional and other academic digital libraries. It offers over 120 million documents from across over 6000 sources with an easy-to-use search engine.Book Review Index Onlineâ€"Book Review Index Online offers access to book reviews from 1965 to the present published in nearly 500 periodicals and newspapers. You will need a New York Public Library card to access it free of charge.Books in Printâ€"Books in Print is a subscription-based service providing bibliographic information on published works to the book trade, including publishers, booksellers, libraries, and individuals.Catalog of U.S. Government Publicationsâ€"The CGP offers access to federal publications, including direct links to the full document, when available. Users can search by authoring agency, title, subject, and general keywords, or click on Advanced Search for more options.CIA World Factbookâ€"The World Factbook offers a searchable database on the history, people, government, economy, geography, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues for 267 countries and locales around the world. References tools also available are maps of the major world regions, Flags of the World, a Physical Map of the World, a Political Map of the World, a World Oceans map, and a Standard Time Zones of the World map.CiNiiâ€"CiNii (pronounced like sigh-knee) is an open-access database offering access to articles, Books, Journals and Dissertations. It also includes university research bulletins or articles from the National Diet Librarys Japanese Periodicals Index Database.CiteULikeâ€"CiteULike provides free access, allowing users to store and share scholarly papers. The site extracts citations automatically from stored papers.CogPrintsâ€"CogPrints is an an electronic archive for papers in Psychology, Neuroscience, and Linguistics, Computer Science, Philosophy, Biology, Medicine, and Anthropology.COREâ€"CORE aggregates all open-access research from academic journals and entities worldwide, with the mission of making them available to the public.De Gruyter Openâ€"De Gruyter is an academic publisher of open access books, with more than 1000 open access books available on the website. Authors can also publish open access, although all publications are subject to peer review.Digital Library of the Commons Repositoryâ€"The DLC offers free and open access to articles (some full text), papers, and dissertations. There is also an author-submission portal; an Image Database; the Comprehensive Bibliography of the Commons; and a Keyword Thesaurus.Directory of Open Access Journalsâ€"DOAJ is an online directory that is community cura ted and indexed to provide open access to peer-reviewed journals across multiple fields and topics.EBSCO Open Dissertationsâ€"EBSCO Open Dissertations is a free database with more than 800,000 electronic theses and dissertations submitted globally.EThOSâ€"EThOS aims to improve the availability of doctoral research theses in the UK, making publicly-funded research freely available for all researchers.Genamics JournalSeekâ€"Genamics JournalSeek is a categorized database of freely available journal information, and currently contains information for 39,226 titles across disciplines. This information includes the journals aims and scope, journal abbreviation, journal homepage link, subject category and ISSN.GeoRefâ€"Created by the American Geosciences Institute in 1966, the GeoRef database provides access to geoscience via a bibliographic database in the geosciences. It currently contains over 3.9 million references to geoscience journal articles, books, maps, conference papers, reports and theses.Google Booksâ€"Google Books allows users to search through millions of books available online. If permission has been given, users can read the full text.Google Correlateâ€"Google Correlate is a part of Google Trends, allowing the user to submit a query for finding similar patterns to a target data series. Think of it as Google Trends in reverse.Google Scholarâ€"Google Scholar allows broad searches for academic literature across multiple disciplines, including articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions.Google Trendsâ€"Google Trends offers searches that show how frequently a given search term is entered into Googles search engine relative to total search volume over a given period of time. It also provides geographical information about search engine users.Indian Citation Indexâ€"The Indian Citation Index (ICI) database offers access to approximately 1000 top Indian scholarly journals across the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities.Infotopiaâ€"Infoto pia is an academic search engine that is curated by librarians, teachers and other educational workers.Ingentaâ€"The Ingenta Connect portal is a subscription-based content management system that hosts more than 5 million articles and 16,000 publications from 350 publishers.International Medieval Bibliographyâ€"The International Medieval Bibliography (IMB) is a subscription-based database that offers current bibliographies of articles in journals related to Classics, English Language and Literature, History and Archaeology, Theology and Philosophy, Medieval European Languages and Literatures, Arabic and Islamic Studies, History of Education, Art History, Music, Theatre and Performance Arts, Rhetoric and Communication Studies.iSEEK Educationâ€"iSEEK Education is a search engine that compiles thousands of authoritative resources from university and government sources.J-Gateâ€"J-Gate allows users to access global e-journal literature, including 10 Million full-text articles from 49,000+ journals covering Agriculture and biological Sciences, Arts and humanities, Basic Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, and Social and Management Sciences.JSTORâ€"JSTOR provides access for researchers and students to more than 12 million academic journal articles, books, and primary sources across 75 disciplines.JURNâ€"JURN provides an academic search-engine, indexing 3,952 free e-journals in the arts and humanities.Library of Congressâ€"The U.S. Library of Congress Online Catalog provides access to dozens of recommended free databases, indexing and abstracting services, and full-text reference resources in the Arts and Humanities, Law, News and Current Events, Regional and Cultural Studies, Science and Technology, and Social Sciences.Mendeleyâ€"Mendeley allows researchers to add papers directly from their browser and generate references, citations and bibliographies across various formats. 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It includes scholarly communication in all research fields, from Sciences, Technology, Medicine, to Social Sciences, to Humanities and Arts.Readers Guide Retrospective: 1890â€"1982â€"Readers Guide Retrospective: 1890-1982 is a subscription-based index of over three million articles from more than 550 leading magazines including full coverage of the original print volumes of Readers Guide to Periodical Literature.Readers Guide to Periodical Literatureâ€"Readers Guide to Periodical Literature is a subscription-based index covering topics in art, business, education and entertainment.RefSeek†"Refseek is a search engine that pulls from over one billion web pages, encyclopedias, journals and books, providing easy access to PDFs of academic papers.ResearchGateâ€"ResearchGate is part publication index/part networking site for scientists and researchers. 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Investigation On Behavioral Finance And Market Anomalies Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3309 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The aim of this paper is to provide any academic evidence and theories concerning the main drivers of individual investors decision making and their reasons to feel confident over the success of active fund management. Our report weighs against the evidence of rational and measurable explanations supporting active managers and their stock picking skills. Not underestimating the power of communication, there is a provision of research studies to show how media and advertising are employed in selling managers superior skills and their affect on investors decision making. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investigation On Behavioral Finance And Market Anomalies Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Next the report tries to understand and solve the puzzle about investors beliefs in managers adding value. For this purpose there is reference on the behavioural finance implications and some of the heuristics and biases that can enrich the explanation for most of the investors behaviour. 2. Rationality 2.1. The benefits from fund managers Investors decision to invest in active funds is primary driven by the benefits of large scale investing. Bodie et al. (2008) identified several important functions that allow small investors to benefit from teaming up their money. Such are the record keeping and administration, diversification, professional management and the lower transaction costs as result of trading in larger blocks of securities. In addition, investors argue that the market is a supply pool of managers with different investing styles and that some of them can outperform the index while others cannot. Platinum Capital fund for example, managed by Kerr Neilson, outperformed MSCI world stock index by 35% in 2009. The funds strategy was based on investing in financial distress companies but with large unexploited potentials for future growth as well as going short on mining companies which he identified as overpriced. Neilson believes that funds success is due to the quality research that avoids noisy public information (Boyd, 2009). Most of the success in active management is a result of momentum investment strategy that takes long positions on securities which is believed to continue to rise in price and short positions in securities which it is expect to have a downtrend (Chen et al., 2000). Fund managers are knowledgeable to use sophisticated software programs that enables them to perform more precise risk analysis and to enhance their stock picking skills (Barber and Odean, 2008). The same paper suggests that in contrast to regular investors, fund managers are less prone to biases that affect decision making meaning also that they are not attention driven. Cici (2005) suggests that managers get aware of their gains less readily than the case of losses. Quite the opposite, investors do not exhibit any stock picking skills and there is evidence that in total the stocks they buy underperform those they sell (Odean, 1999). 2.2. Managers persistence On the other hand, a popular fund like the Long Term Capital Management Fund is an example that concentrated brainstorming power does not necessarily mean that abnormal returns even though achieved, can persist. Little academic evidence is supporting the outperformance of active fund managers. Wermer (2000) backs the momentum strategy. More specifically, his research shows that fund managers can beat the market by 1.3% annually only without accounting for trading costs. However, including the trading costs there is an underperformance of 1% annually. Carhart (1997) observed the performance of equity funds and examined whether funds that have done well will continue to have the same performance in the next period as a result of managers skills. His study provides evidences that funds performance does not reflect managers picking skills and concludes that investment costs account for almost all of the important predictability in mutual fund returns (Carhart, 1997, pp. 81). The same pap er gives valuable guidelines for investing in funds. According to its findings, investors should be aware that no load funds always outperform load funds and should avoid managers who often rebalance their portfolio since portfolio turnover reduces the funds performance. Moreover, Bodie et al. (2008) indicate that high portfolio turnover rate can also be tax inefficient. Regarding the momentum strategy, Carhart characteristically claims that some funds can earn higher returns the following year due to pure luck of holding large positions in last years winners. Finally, Chen et al. (2000) suggest that the evidence of persistence concerning past winners over past losers is weak. 3. Irrationality Statman illustrates irrationality by comparing traditional and behavioural finance approaches: people are rational in standard finance; they are normal in behavioural finance. Rational people care about utilitarian characteristics but not value-expressive ones, and never confused by cognitive errors, have perfect self-control, are always risk averse, and are never averse to regret. Normal people do not obediently follow that pattern (Statman, 1999, pp. 26). It is clear according to the academic evidence that active mangers provide little or no economic value to investors. Surprisingly however mutual fund industry continues to attract more investors, managing around 1.72 trillion dollars (HedgeFund Intelligence, 2009). What are the drivers of such irrationality? 3.1 Investors characteristics Acknowledging their own imperfections is one of the key reasons why investors rely on fund managers. Simon (1978) states that investors present imperfect control and bounded rationality over the uncertain and continuous changing market environment and make final decisions as a result of judgemental errors. Investors are not capable to handle efficiently enormous load of information. Walker (1971) argues that each investor has a certain capacity and upper limit of accumulating information, after which all new information is completely ignored. This indicates that decisions are drawn randomly in an irrational way. Overloaded with information, they tend to follow the financial media that direct their choices. 3.2. Advertising Advertising seems to work. Investors irrationally focus on advertisements since it appears that funds that have been advertised have more liquidity and attract more individual investors (Jain and Wu, 2000). The media often names fund managers as the new masters of the universe which can result in investors believing that superior investing abilities can be achieved through fund managers (Mackintosh, 2007). Sendhil et al. (2008) examined the logic behind the success of mutual fund industry in a situation where industry adds little to investors wealth and charges them high. Their research showed evidence that individuals think coarsely; more concrete investors that tend to categorize situations according to their own beliefs and use same conclusions for each category. They evidence significant influence of persuasion and advertising on coarse-thinking. Using data of all financial advertisements in Business Week (BW) and Money they find out that after the market crash, past return data vanish from advertisements, as shown in figure 1. Moreover, in spite of this selective data approach, in downturn market even funds with good performance choose not to advertise themselves. This finding is in line with their models predictions meaning that enclosure of past return data is used in purpose of selling opportunities, rather than promoting professional advice services or skills. Figure 1: Stock Mutual Fund Ads Returns / Total Stock Mutual Funds Ads[1] 3.3. The role of biases and heuristics The attention grabbing events are often able to drive investors interest and affect their investment decision. Barber and Odean (2008) name such events: any unusually large trading volumes, prior day movements to the stock price or certain media news. Taffler (2002) suggests that the availability heuristic and the familiarity bias are to be blame for noise trading. The representative heuristic works in accordance to the existence of stereotypes. Investors tend to believe that a good company can be a good investment. Accordingly a good manager can generate great returns. Decisions based on gut feelings are due to the affect heuristic. Concerning biases, investors exhibit behaviour that can be explained on the framework of framing judgemental biases and confirmation biases (Taffler 2002). As for the first, their judgements are based on the way information is presented. As for the second investors will seek for confirming evidence to support their decisions and will neglect any opposing argument. Despite mutual fund managers advanced or not investment characteristics, Taffler (2002) suggested that fund managers are also prone to similar cognitive errors, biases and heuristics with investors. More often is the case for fund managers being overconfident and overoptimistic to believe that they have superior investing abilities. 4. Conclusion Stock valuation and investment decisions are difficult tasks to be actualized with success. Primarily, financial markets are complex and uncertain, continuously change and are affected by multiple variables. Secondly, investors prove to behave in an irrational manner using mental shortcuts and are subjected to various biases. Investing is often directed by the financial media or relied to fund managers that are supposed to have a more rational behaviour. Our report provides evidence that although investors might have reason to believe fund managers, the actual performance of the latter cannot yield returns that could beat the market by accounting for all costs in a consistent basis. It is therefore the investors characteristics that lead to have such a rationale and at a lower degree any external factors like the press and advertisements. References Barber, B.M. and Odean, T. (2008), All that glitters: The effect of attention and news on the buying behaviour of individual and institutional investors, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp 785-818. Bodie, Z., Kane, A. and Markus, A.J. (2008), Investments, McGraw-Hill, New York. Boyd, T. (2009), How Australias richest fund manager beat the market, smartcompany.co.au, August 13 2009, available on the internet at https://www.smartcompany.com.au/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=34279Itemid=27utm_source=feedburnerutm_medium=feedutm_campaign=Feed%3A+smartcompanynews+(SmartCompany+News). Carhart, M. (1997), On Persistence in Mutual Fund Performance, Journal of Finance, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp 57-82. Chen, J.L., Jegadeesh, N. and Wermers, R. (2000), The Value of Active Mutual Fund Management: An Examination of the Stockholdings and Trades of Fund Managers, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 35, pp 343-368. Cici, G. (2005), The Relation of the Disposition Effect to Mutual Fund Trades and Performance, Working Paper. HedgeFund Intelligence (2009), Global Review Autumn Update, InvestHedge Magazine, available on the internet at https://www.hedgefundintelligence.com/ih/Article.aspx?Task=ReportIssueID=73357. Mackintosh, J. (2007), Investors Still Pile In, FT.com, April 27 2007, available on the internet at https://search.ft.com/search?queryText=Investors+Still+Pile+In%E2%80%99. Sendhil, M., Schwartzstein, J. and Shleifer, A. (2008), Coarse thinking and persuasion, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 123, Issue 2, pp 577-619. Simon, H.A. (1978), Rational decision making in business organization, Nobel Memorial Lecture. Statman, M. (1999), Behavioural Finance: Past Battles and future engagement, Association for investment management and research, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 55, No.6, pp15-29. Taffler, R.J. (2002), What Can We Learn From Behavioural Finance, Management Focus, pp 8-11. Walker, J.F. (1971), Decision-making under conditions of information overload: Alternative response modes and their consequences, presented at American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, New York, pp 4 -7. Wermers, R. (2000), Mutual Fund Performance: An Empirical Decomposition into Stock-Picking Talent, Style, Transactions Costs, and Expenses, Journal of Finance, Vol. LV, No. 4, pp 1655-1695. Assignment Topic 2 Summarise and critically discuss the empirical findings of post earnings announcement drift anomaly in international level. 1. Introduction Since Ball and Brown (1968) identified the post earnings announcement drift (PAD), various other research papers have examined the phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to summarize empirical findings of PAD on a multinational point of view. A crucial research conducted by Fama (1998) although gives reasons for the efficient market hypothesis to be valid, admits that it could be challenged by accounting for the PAD phenomenon. Mendenhall (2004) states three key categories of explaining PAD. First, any unexpected earnings changes might simply be due to the use of different research methods. The second explanation supports the idea of systematic misinterpretation concerning expected returns coming from market expectations following earnings announcements. The third explanation supports the behavioural finance perspective. Many studies imply that PAD is a product of irrational investors and inefficient markets. Interestingly, none of the aforementioned explanations can accurately predict why markets are not reacting to publicly available information, like earnings announcement in a timely way. 2. What is the Post Earnings Announcement Drift To get a clear understanding of the phenomenon most of the studies look into PAD phenomenon in phases. Initially, the impact of the earnings announcement results in stocks moving towards new price level. Then the drift in prices makes its presence. This lasts for approximately two months counting from the earnings announcement day. Finally, one more significant adjustment is made around the following announcement concerning next quarters earnings. Bernard and Thomas (1989) highlighted that the phenomenon could be translated as a portion of price change being lagged in following new information. The research work of Lev and Ohlson (1982) and Bernard and Thomas (1990) concluded that the PAD is inconsistent to the fundamental Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The reason is that CAPM is not able to capture the drift. If the CAPM represents a mechanistic tool of pricing stocks, such a drift would be impossible for the CAPM to predict. The papers also provide additional evidence to suggest that the PAD is incompatible with the EMH. 3. Methodology of PAD The traditional paper of Bernard and Thomas (1989) captures the PAD using the following methodology. There is a formation of portfolios on the basis of the extent and whether the sign of the earnings surprises is positive or negative. The announcements concern for quarterly earnings. Next a comparison is run on actual market prices of stocks and the prices that have been derived using fundamentals. Accordingly any difference between the two prices resulting from a divergence is documented. Therefore all portfolios that present positive earnings surprises are found to have a positive drift in relation to the normative price prediction. In contrast to this, all portfolios that present negative earnings surprises have a negative drift under the normative price prediction. In addition, the amount of the drift is found to be monotonically positive for increasing positive earnings surprise portfolios and monotonically negative for increasing negative earnings surprise portfolios (Zhao, 200 8, pp. 23). 4. Research in International Level 4.1. Spanish Market Forner and Sanabria (2008) checked for the existence of PAD in the Spanish stock market using a sample that consisted of 172 firms dating from 1992 to 2003. The researchers have applied certain unconditional adjustments both to the CAPM and the Fama and French three factor model. Specifically they added a liquidity factor in order to control for size and book-to-market ratios as well as with a view to control for any momentum impact. Forner and Sanabria employed SUE and REV[2]measures on their effort to test PAD existence. The research findings of the paper showed that in the Spanish stock market, the suggested PAD strategy could offer significant gains over the months that follow the earnings announcements. These findings are robust for SUE and REV. In addition the phenomenon is tested against Jegadeeshs (1993) momentum hypothesis to check whether the PAD can explain much of momentum. For this test the findings proved also to be robust and therefore strengthened the impossibility of a risk-based explanation in line with the EMH. Moreover there is a clear suggestion that the PAD is more likely to be a result of investors under reacting or overreacting on earnings announcements. This behaviour can be explained within the framework of behavioural finance were investors are prone to several biases and psychological pitfalls. This explanation is in line with Bloomfield (2000) where it is suggested that PAD is driven by the overwhelming overconfidence that investors believe to holding valuable and accurate information. 4.2. Finnish and Swiss Market Kallunki (1996) based his research on the behaviour of the stock market when having earnings announcements. For this purpose he employs a method to estimate risk using a sample made of Finnish companies in order to prove whether any possible market reaction delays are varying significantly across positive and negative unexpected earnings. Any significance of the results is interpreted as employing wrong measuring methods of abnormal returns. Geoffrey et al. (2006) paper is a study on whether the PAD is sound when dealing with non institutional trades. The data employed is from the stock market of Helsinki for the period 1996 to 2000. The main finding is that the positive news concerning extreme earnings and their resulting returns are positively correlated. The same holds for negative earnings. They have also show a significant correlation due to PAD. As for the Swiss market the research paper of Isakov and Christophe (2005) investigated the acute volatility observed around the days of an earnings announcement. The hypothesis developed was of a decreasing volatility once the announcements of earnings were set out. It appeared however that the volatility changes were related to the type of news. Lakshmanan (2007) provides additional evidence that when an earnings announcement as an information is being broken down into more news can generate surprisingly higher returns when compared to cases where the news where announced once and concentrated. Such a finding is in line with the under reaction explanation of the PAD phenomenon. 4.3. Hong Kong Market Zhaos (2008) research emphasized on two things: on the way prices are distributed as a result of their reaction to news and on further changes in prices. These two are believed to be able to generate significant explanations concerning the analysis of PAD. The paper is sampling the stock market of Hong Kong through the period 1987 till 2006. The key finding following SUE methodology was that the PAD is a robust phenomenon to that specific exchange as well. Furthermore, the study highlights the need to have more emphasis on negative stock prices reflections on earnings announcements. That is because according to Zhao such an emphasis can undermine significantly the vastly reported under reaction explanation of PAD. Another main point of the paper is that non-earnings information can be valuable in affecting reactions of stock prices and therefore drifting them further. Finally Zhao finds that hedging strategies that based on non-earnings information could yield abnormal returns on lon g periods. As a result in Hong Kong market the corroboration effect between earnings and non-earnings information is significant (Zhao, 2008, pp. 53). 4.4. US Market Abnormal returns after an earnings announcement are examined by Pope (1996). He argues that PAD and the bid-ask spread are strongly correlated and abnormal returns are due to the arbitrage opportunities produced from the market inefficiency. Bernard and Thomas (1989) also documented abnormal returns of 18% per annum which persist for minimum six months. In this direction, they found that expectation of future earning to match last years quarter earnings will be reflected in the stock price. Moreover, the paper indicates that market participant may under react to the earnings news due to the transaction and information costs. Sadka (2005) took into consideration liquidity risk and argues that PAD returns can be viewed as risk compensation created from the unpredictable shifts in the aggregate ratio of informed traders to noise traders. Garfinkel and Sokobin (2008) argue that there is a significant positive correlation between PAD and unexplained friction of the trading volume, indicat ing on existence of deviation among investors opinions. 5. Conclusion The review of aforementioned research papers shows that PAD as a robust phenomenon has international dimension, with its presence documented not only in mature stock markets such as US and Europe, but as well in emerging markets such as Hong Kong and China. Two aspects of PAD draw most of the attention among the academics. Main focus is put on the absence of comprehensive framework about PAD as result of various interpretations of the current earnings impact towards the future earnings. Moreover, market participants do not posses predictive power to future abnormal returns based on earnings announcement, and have little understanding that returns are considered to follow a random walk. Transaction costs also contribute investors to lag in their response to the PAD. The other focus is on the behavioural finance where most researchers concluded that PAD results from deviations in investors behaviour, such as overconfidence and self attribution. Thus, investors will rather rely on their own private information than publicly available information, resulting in overreaction or under reaction to the stock markets.

Immigration A Concept At Odds American Culture - 998 Words

Immigration: A concept at odds in American Culture On any given day, any media connected American will be bombarded by numerous views and commentaries on the immigration debate. On this Saturday morning, the 30th of January 2016, a perusal of CNN main homepage leads to 6 direct or indirect (political due to the upcoming election) references to the immigration debate. It is a hot topic in the media and it is a source of constant argument and rhetoric for and against with very little resolution or decisional procedure ever finalized. In my opinion the real debate comes down to the base concept of legal immigration versus illegal immigration. In order to define legal immigration we have to accept that there are a few mutually agreed upon facts within our constitution. First our government has a mandatory requirement to keeps its citizens and the American â€Å"way†, safe, against all enemies foreign and domestic. In addition, article 1 of the constitution doesn’t include any power to restrict migration as such, even though it does include the power to make laws concerning the â€Å"naturalization† of foreigners and â€Å"regulate Commerce with foreign Nations.† The Naturalization Clause does not create a power to prevent foreigners from entering the country. It merely allows Congress to set conditions for the grant of citizenship. And finally there is a ton of â€Å"myths† concerning immigration versus illegal immigration that can be intellectually disputed and proven, but rar ely areShow MoreRelatedImmigration Trying to Achieve the â€Å"American Dream† Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesshows that many struggles of Indian immigration into America. When immigrants come to America, it is believed to achieve the American dream of freedom and success. 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Violence Among the Youths in Inner Schools Free Essays

Violence among youth, especially in inner city schools, is one of Americas most pressing and controversial concerns. Local studies indicate that youth violence is increasing. In addition, America†s youth, like adults are now more frequently using guns instead of fist to settle their disputes. We will write a custom essay sample on Violence Among the Youths in Inner Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now While the public is ready to believe that school violence is definitely present, some local leaders and school administrators are not willing to recognize that it is happening in front of their own eyes. They think that people will boycott the communities, their schools will be labeled unsafe and they will be blamed for failing to keep peace and order. Gang activity at school is particularly susceptible to â€Å"the Ostrich syndrome,† as many of the administration ignore the problem. A big loss that occurs is that opportunities to help the youth and reduce violence are lost. Finally, there is sometimes a contradiction between school policies and school practice. Many districts and schools have broad regulations for dealing with violence, and the school enforcement may either be uneven or laidback. This creates a situation where teachers do not feel supported when they necessitate discipline, students do not feel protected and the delinquents will then think that he or she will not be punished. On the other hand, administrators express dismay that the teachers so not enforce policies in the classroom. Despite these inconsistencies, the government, communities and schools have come up with many promising types of anti- violence approach, and social and personal transformation focusing on discipline. Most have originated in urban areas, where youth violence was first identified. The federal government has money set aside for after school programs focused on gang prevention and other recreational community activities. Most of these activities are focused on breaking the cycle of violence. The most effective proved to be the long-term family interventions involving, religious and recreational organizations. For example, programs in parenting and family relationships, especially those focused on non-violence and substance abuse can protect children from learning violence at home. Out of school programs keep youth entertained while the family is unavailable. These programs can also provide youths with attention from caring role models. They also keep the youth away from negative influences on the street. Programs can offer assistance with schoolwork and develop positive values. Helping young people find employment is an important way for communities to reduce property crime and build the youths self-esteem and sense of responsibility. It also helps the youth see how vital it is to their future to stay in school and further their education and career. Another positive aspect to providing jobs and job training is that it can reduce stress that can trigger violence. â€Å"In 1878 economist Carroll D. Wright from Massachusetts Commissioner of Statistics noted that more than 67% of convicts in the state were recorded as ‘having no occupation†: of 220 men sentenced to one year 147 were without trade or any regular means of earning a living† (Currie) Anti-violence and programs that run in the school can run from a range of ideas. From general education improvement to interventions to target specific groups of students. They involve parents in a variety of roles and community leaders and resources. The goal is to create a peaceful non-violence school. A commitment to enforcing violence prevention helps the students and the staffs feel safe. In addition to zero tolerance for guns, some school also have zero tolerance for other types of behavior such as assaulting a teacher were violent students will be removed from the classrooms. It might not affect some students to be expulsed from school so school responses to certain type of acts include legal prosecution. Since there is a strong use of drug sales and violence in the schools by the students, administrators make special efforts to keep the school. To keep students from bringing in weapons some schools use metal detectors and administer random acts of searching students† bodies and possessions. Teachers used to be the most common type of security but with increasing school violence, schools are hiring security guards to patrol the sites. With school security the most common type of measure is monitoring the students in the hallways and places where they get together the most, like cafeterias, bathrooms and the p.e. field. Most violent prone school may even form relations with the police to periodically visit the schools and regularly patrol the halls. Probation officers with on site offices can provide help to students who have already been in illegal trouble. Early intervention is necessary to prevent youth violence. Elementary education training in anger management, impulse control, mediation and conflict resolution skills can prevent youth from participating in violence as they mature. Early discussions about negative consequences of gang membership and providing positive way to get needs met can protect them from future gang recruitment efforts. Some schools have a specially trained safety coordinator whose primary function is to coordinate anti-violence programs and offer crisis counseling and mediation. Other types of programs offer incentives for positive behavior such as recognition and reward system for good citizenship. The goal is to bring about change in the students so that their behavior is constructive. Effective gang strategies involve all school operations and staff. It requires good communications and security and staff trained in crisis intervention. Schools not only need to acknowledge their presence but actively investigate its extent and determine who its gang members are, what they do and where are their hang out spots. The first step is to establish the fact that gang presence such as clothing, paraphernalia, flashing signs or shouting slogans and writing graffiti on school or personal property will not be tolerated. Discipline measures, practiced consistently show the schools seriousness. Staff who takes a personal interest in individual members by holding personal conferences and counseling can help loosen the hold of the gang, by meeting informally with members and show them positive experiences that would otherwise be lacking in their lives. To do this some staff members may need to change certain attitudes about gang members and spend a little more time than they would with them. If that does not work offering counseling in a variety of outside agencies and involving parents and making them aware of the choices and consequences that their child is taking may help change the attitude of the child. If all else fails gang members can be transferred to alternative schools for more intensive support. Concern about increasing youth violence is being routed into a variety of innovative and hopefully effective programs across the country. The most effective programs acknowledge that gang activity and violence exists in their community. Use all available resources like law enforcement and social services. Involve families into both school and community programs, and prepares to engage in long-term effort for positive experiences. In all communities it is likely that sometimes anti-violence work will be compromised by lack of resources and time. Even the most dedicated individuals may experience moments of frustration. Early evaluations in well-organized programs is possible and even though statistics show that youth violence is steadily increasing the effort and slight expenditure are necessary. How to cite Violence Among the Youths in Inner Schools, Essay examples

My First Day in Laos free essay sample

After getting all of luggages, and get everything checked out, like our passport, and some other stuff I don’t remember. When walked out of the airport, the whole family was waiting for us to show up. After everybody gave each others hugs, they were deciding who was going to drive with who, then my cousin told everyone that he will just take me. After he told them that, we took off and my cousin threw me the car keys to his Honda. At first I thought it was for putting the bags into the trunk. When I was about to throw him the keys to the car, he told me what are you doing your driving he also said don’t tell the parents. At first when I got in the car I was nervous because that was my first time driving. When we left the airport we went to the family restaurant, because that is where everyone is headed. We will write a custom essay sample on My First Day in Laos or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When we got to the restaurant the whole family was already there so when we got out of the car, we got caught by our other cousins. We told them not tell but there was a price to it we had to give them 20 dollars each. Sitting there for a couple of hours. My aunt who lives in Laos told everyone it time to go to work at the restaurant. Usually they open earlier but they had to go pick us up. After hearing her saying it time to go me and my cousin were the first to leave so, I can drive the car. At first in my mind that was the best part of the trip. But I knew there going to be more. When we got to the store me and my cousin had to put in the drinks in the fridge. When I asked if I could get a drink I asked, for a cup and he told me that they don’t put it in cups they use bags. When I thought about it at first I said that strange but when I saw it I thought it was pretty cool. As the time was about to hit twelve oclock my cousin told me that get ready all the kids from school is about to come cause its almost there lunch time. I told them to wake me up in about 10 minutes. They asked me why am I going to sleep I said because I’m still tired from the plane trip. . But before I know it I was already twelve oclock. I was disappointed because I couldn’t get a little nap in I wouldn’t have mind to get a least 5 minutes would be fine with me. Then when I looked over to the front the door I saw a whole bunch of school students coming this way, and I asked my cousin is it going to be like this everyday? he said this is not that much people. Me and my cousin were in charge of the drinks. The restaurant sold all kinds of Asian food. After hours of serving drinks. The rush hour was gone. I thought it was time to close up. Everyone looked at me like I was crazy or something. Then they told me that we still have dinner and it going to get even crazier because a lot of people order out. The time between lunch and dinner, I see people coming in and out. All I was doing was playing some games and chilling with my cousin. As I watched the people walk in and out I thought to myself is that we are lucky because some people in Laos live on the street and when it gets cold it feels like everything is frozen. After while somebody came and tapped me on my shoulder and said it time to go home and rest for tomorrow. I asked my cousin did I sleep threw the dinner rush and he said yeah you did.